Maybe one day I'll expand on this with the information the NPCs tell you about each town. It basically just tells you where everything is and what everywhere is called at the moment. Towns and Dungeons are in order of story progression.

Tales of Vesperia - World Information

Continent View	City/Dungeon View

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TOWNS:

The Imperial Capital, Zaphias (Ilyccia)
(The description changes over the course of the game)

Deidon Hold (Ilyccia)
A strong rock fort built to protect the Empire from monsters in the plains. Also serves as a check point.

The City of Blossoms, Halure (Ilyccia)
A town where the three trees, Harmonea, Luluria and Renen merged with the shield blastia.

The Sealed City of Scholars, Aspio (Ilyccia)
A city where mages of the Empire gather for blastia research. It is secluded and lacks sunlight all year round.

Port of Capua Nor (Ilyccia)
A thriving port under the jurisdiction of the Empire. Passenger liners, freight vessels and military vessels frequent this port.

Port of Capua Torim (Tolbyccia)
A port on the second largest continent, Tolbyccia. Considered the rival to Capua Nor, guilds have a strong influence here.
(As a note, continent size puts Illycia first, Desier second, not Tolbyccia.)

The Rising City, Heliord (Tolbyccia)
A flourishing new town built for nobles. It will take some time before the town is complete.

The Den of Guilds, Dahngrest (Tolbyccia)
A town made up of people from all backgrounds. The second largest city in the world. Revolves around the union.

The Coliseum City, Nordopolica (Desier)
A city governed by warriors. Built around a coliseum, contests are always taking place here.

The Desert Oasis, Mantaic (Desier)
A desert town built around an oasis. Water is abundant and sufficient to maintain life.

The Heartland Town, Yormgen (Desier)
(Changes description over the game)

The Home of the Kritya, Myorzo (Everywhere)
Home of the Kritya, an ancient civilization that invented the blastia.

The Land of Hope, Aurnion (Hypionia)
A town comprised of Zaphian refugees seeking a new life. Politics heavily influenced by Flynn.

The Fount of Warmth, Yumanju (Yurzorea)
A luxury inn where travellers can relax in natural hot springs.

The Happy Place, Nam Cobanda Isle (Outer Ocean)
A place that provides you with all sorts of entertainment

City of the Fallen Moon (PS3, Zaude)
Where the souls of the Children of the Full Moon remain after sealing the Adephagos.

Other Media Towns:

Farihaido (Ilyccia)
Literal translation of the name. A city in the northern part of Ilyccia. It was destroyed during the Great War.

Ceazontania (Ilyccia)
The town the Niren Corps defended in "First Strike". It becomes abandoned when the barrier is destroyed. (It's shown over-run with monsters in a bonus on the blu-ray edition.)

"Temza Fortress" (Desier)
Not actual name. A fortress set up at the base of Mt. Temza by Alexei for Hermes to continue his studies without travelling all the way to Aspio. Destroyed during the Great War.



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DUNGEONS

The Imperial Capital Zaphias, Sewers (Located beneath the castle.)
Quoi Woods (Ilyccia)
Shaikos Ruins (Ilyccia)
Ehmead Hill (Ilyccia)
Port Capua Nor, Ragou's Residence (Ilyccia)
The Fallen City, Caer Bocram (Tolbyccia)
Forest of Keiv Moc (Tolbyccia)
The Tower of Gears, Ghasfarost (Swendle Island)
The Ghost Ship, Atherum (Inner Ocean)
The Weasand of Cados (Desier)
Sands of Kogorh (Desier)
Manor of the Wicked (Leviathan's Claw hideout, lots of black market weapons stored here, Tolbyccia)
Mt. Temza (Desier)
Egothor Forest (Hypionia. Says that this is the route people would take on pilgrimages to Baction)
The Forgotten Shrine, Baction (Hypionia)
The Mobile Fortress, Heracles (Inner Ocean, also appears in Tolbyccia, Hypionia and then rests on the west coast of Ilyccia)
The Blade Drifts of Zopheir (Ilyccia)
The Enduring Shrine of Zaude (Alexei intended to use it as a Hoplon Blastia, Terca Lumireis, Inner Ocean)
The Erealumen Crystallands (Outer Ocean)
Relewise Hollow (Weccea)
The ancient tower, Tarqaron (referred to as a Babel, build by the Gerios civilization to destroy the Entelexeia. The entire thing serves as one huge blastia. Ilyccia)
Labyrinth of Memories (Truffdae Mountains)

Listed as Dungeons:
Aer Krene, Ilyccia
Aer Krene, Tolbyccia
Aer Krene, Desier
Aer Krene, Yurzorea
(It's worth noting that these actually are dungeons in the PS3 version, not just tools to upgrade the Sorceror's Ring.)

PS3 Only:
The Underpass of the Pact (Tolbyccia. Takes place before Ghasfarost)
Lenansla Cavern (PS3. Hypionia, before Egothor Forest)
Necropolis of Nostalgia (Zaude, Terca Lumireis, Inner Ocean. You can do this after getting the four spirits and before you duel Flynn, but you can't complete it until after clearing Tarqaron)
Abysmal Hollow (Entrance through any of the Aer Krene. You can do this post Aurnion)



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WORLD MAP

ILYCCIA
Mayoccia Plains (around Zaphias, general)
Northern Mayoccia Plains (Between Zaphia and Deidon Hold)
Northeast Mayoccia Plains (North of Deidon Hold)
Western Mayoccia Plains (west of Zaphias)
Southern Mayoccia Plains (elevated area, can't be reached on foot)

Southeast Peyoccia Plains (Quoi Woods)
Central Peyoccia Plains (Halure)
Peyoccia Plains - Northern Trail (Halure to Aspio)
Peyoccia Plains - Southern Trail (Halure to Deidon)
Eastern Peyoccia Plains (between Deidon and Aspio)
Northern Peyoccia Plains (north of Halure)
Peyoccia Plains - Western Trail (Halure to Ehmead)

Northeast Ilyccia (Shaikos Ruins)
Corridor Beach (extends the entire east cost of Ilyccia)

Eastern Muluroccia Peninsula (north of Ehmead)
Northern Muluroccia Peninsula (Capua Nor)
Southern Muluroccia Peninsula (south of Capua Nor)
The Southeastern Plains of the Muluroccia Peninsula (Grass mountain area directly below Ehmead)

Astefiellus Mountains (Tarqaron)
The Eastern Island of Ilyccia (East of Zaphias)
Laulyse Island (Reef, east but slightly north of Zaphias)
The Northern Blade Drifts of Zopheir (Far north of Ilyccia)
The Blade Drifts of Zopheir (North of Ilyccia)


TOLBYCCIA
The Eastern Plains of Tolbyccia (Torim)
Eastern Tolbyccia (Between Heliord, Torim, Bocram)
Central Eastern Tolbyccia (Heliord)
Northern Tolbyccia (Dahngrest is center)
Central Western Tolbyccia (Keiv Moc)
Southwest Tolbyccia (slightly south of Keiv Moc)
Western Tolbyccia (Manor of Wicked)
Southern Tolbyccia (southeast of Keiv Moc)

Swendle Island (Ghasfarost was once on an island)
Eastern Swendle Island (east of Ghasfarost)
Carapuson Island (Between Tolbyccia and Yurzorea)
Tolbyccia Southern Islands (south of Tolbyccia)
Erealumen Crystal (Northeast of Tolbyccia)


DESIER
Zadrack Peninsula (Nordopolica)
The Eastern Plains of Desier (Nordopolica to Cados)
The Mother Cados Mountains - Eastern Plains (North of Cados. Divides Desier)
The Mother Cados Mountains - Western Desert (Cados to Mantaic)
The Mother Cados Mountains - Northern Desert (Northwest of Cados)
Sands of Kogorh (Center of Desier)
Southern Sands of Kogorh (South of Mantaic)
The Father Muzaeli Mountains - East Desert (north of Kogorh, Yormgen)
North Father Muzaeli Mountains (Far forth of continent, Mt. Temza)
East Father Muzaeli Mountains (southeast of Temza)
Father Muzaeli Mountains (west of Temza)
The Four Isles (Southeast of Cados)
Sands of Kogorh, Southern Island (South of Kogorh)
Zadrack Island (east of Nordopolica, north of Cados)
Myannema Twin Islands (Northeast of Desier, towards Zaude)


HYPIONIA
Northeast Hypionia (Aurnion)
Eastern Hypionia (southeast of Aurnion, Lenansla Cavern)
Hypionia (Central part of continent, Baction)
Southern Hypionia (south of the center)
Western Hypionia (Egothor)
Beldeabou Bay (between Egother and Baction, opposing Sakkel Bay)
East Sulion Island (Southeast of Hypionia)
South Sulion Island (South of Hypionia, South of Baction)
West Sulion Island (Southwest of Hypionia, south of Egothor)


WECCEA
Wecca (South of Ilyccia, east of Hypionia)
Northeast Wecca (Island to the northeast)
Southeast Wecca (Island in southeast)
Southwest Wecca (Island in southwest)


YURZOREA
Northern Sulzanni Islands (West of Yurzorea)
The Sulzanni Island chains (south of the above, west of Yurzorea)
South Sulzanni Island (West of Yurzorea, south of the two above)
Northern Yurzorea (Top middle, Yumanju)
Northeast Yurzorea (east of Yumanju)
Truffdae Mountains (Memory)
Southern Yurzorea (South of Yurzorea Aer Krene)
Eastern Yurzorea (Aer Krene)
Niffel Lake (largest lake in world, part of Southern Yurzorea)
Northern Isles, Yurzorea (Northeast of Yumanju)


OTHER
Nam Cobanda Isle (Furthest North West in the world)
Terca Lumireis (Planet name, it's also the name for the center of the world where Zaude is)
The Inner Ocean (Ocean surrounded by all 6 continents)
The Outer Ocean (Ocean surrounding the 6 continents)